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Painful intercourse -Dyspareunia

Dyspareunia, or painful intercourse, is a common condition that affects many women at some point in their lives. It is characterized by persistent or recurrent pain before, during, or after sexual intercourse. This discomfort can significantly impact physical and emotional well-being, leading to distress, anxiety, and relationship challenges.

If you experience pain during intercourse, you are not alone. Many women suffer in silence, unsure of what is causing their discomfort or how to seek help. Fortunately, dyspareunia is a treatable condition, and identifying the underlying cause is the first step toward relief.

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Common Causes of Painful Intercourse

Dyspareunia can be caused by various physical and psychological factors. Identifying the root cause is essential for finding an effective treatment. Here are some of the most common causes

1. Hormonal Changes

Decreased estrogen levels during menopause, postpartum, or breastfeeding can lead to vaginal dryness and thinning of the vaginal walls (vaginal atrophy), making intercourse painful.
Birth control pills and other hormonal medications can also affect vaginal lubrication.

2. Vaginal Dryness and Insufficient Lubrication

Lack of natural lubrication can cause friction and discomfort during intercourse.
Certain medications, such as antihistamines and antidepressants, may contribute to dryness.

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3. Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

Overactive or tight pelvic floor muscles can lead to painful penetration and discomfort during sex.
Conditions like vaginismus (involuntary muscle spasms) and hypertonic pelvic floor muscles may contribute to dyspareunia.

4. Infections and Inflammation

Vaginal infections (yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, STIs) can cause irritation and pain.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) may also contribute to painful intercourse.

5. Gynecological Conditions

Endometriosis, ovarian cysts, fibroids, and pelvic adhesions can cause deep pain during intercourse.
Vulvodynia, a chronic pain condition affecting the vulva, can lead to burning, stinging, or sharp pain.

6. Recent Surgery or Childbirth

Scarring from episiotomies, C-sections, or gynecologic surgeries can cause pain.
Postpartum healing and breastfeeding-related hormonal changes may lead to temporary dyspareunia.